Dr Chris Armitage's Publications\Journal Articles Books Book Chapters Journal ArticlesRivis, A., SHEERAN, P., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2010). Explaining adolescents’ cigarette smoking: A comparison of four modes of action control and test of the role of self-regulatory mode. Psychology & Health, 25, 893-909.
The present study compared how well four modes of action control (intentional, habitual, reactive and stereotype activation) explain adolescents' cigarette smoking, and examined whether individual differences in self-regulation (locomotion and assessment tendencies; Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003) moderate the behavioural impact of the respective modes. Findings from a prospective questionnaire survey showed that (a) willingness, prototype perceptions and past behaviour-but not intention-predicted smoking behaviour, and explained 63% of the variance, and (b) the assessment mode of self-regulation moderated the past behaviour-future behaviour relation such that past behaviour had less impact on future smoking behaviour at high levels of assessment. These findings suggest that adolescents' smoking is controlled by stereotype activation, habitual and reactive processes. Implications of the results for designing effective adolescent smoking cessation programmes are considered.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2009). Is there utility in the transtheoretical model? British Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 195-210.
OBJECTIVES: The transtheoretical model is arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change, having received unprecedented research attention, yet it has simultaneously attracted exceptional criticism. However, the criticisms have been directed almost exclusively at the stages of change, just one of fourteen components of the transtheoretical model, which may have diverted attention away from more fruitful avenues of research based on the model.
DESIGN AND METHODS: Narrative review.
RESULTS: The evidence would suggest some flaws in the concept of stages of change as currently articulated in the transtheoretical model. On a conceptual level, even studies incorporating the five stages of change point to a model that better fits Gollwitzer (1993) and Heckhausen's (1991) idea of a motivational phase followed by a volitional phase. Potentially the processes of change components of the transtheoretical model may actually prove the most useful, yet have been under-researched, at least experimentally. Three studies that successfully utilise the processes of change to reduce alcohol consumption, encourage smoking cessation and increase physical activity are described.
CONCLUSIONS: Elements of the transtheoretical model offer promise in developing effective health behaviour change interventions, but the question arises as to whether extracting these elements undermines completely the idea of a transtheoretical model.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2009). Effectiveness of experimenter-provided and self-generated implementation intentions to reduce alcohol consumption in a sample of the general population: A randomized exploratory trial. Health Psychology, 28(545-553).
Objective: To test the effectiveness of implementation intentions to decrease alcohol consumption and control for possible demand characteristics by employing an active control condition and contrasting experimenter-provided with self-generated implementation intentions.
Design: Two hundred forty-eight participants were randomly allocated to I of 4 conditions: questionnaire-only; questionnaire plus planning instruction; questionnaire, planning instruction plus experimenter-provided implementation intention; or questionnaire, planning instruction plus self-generated implementation intention. Main Outcome Measure: Alcohol intake.
Results: There were clinically and statistically significant decreases in alcohol consumption in the 2 experimental conditions, but not in the 2 control conditions, F(3, 237) = 3.34, p < .05, eta(2)(p) = .04 There were no significant differences between experimenter-provided and self-generated implementation intentions (p = .62). Compliance moderated the effects of self-generated implementation intentions only, such that alcohol intake only significantly decreased in participants who complied with the instructions, F(l, 52) = 4.20, p < .05, eta(2)(p) = .07. However, simply choosing an experimenter-provided implementation intention was just as effective as writing it out in full, implying that implementation intentions work even with minimal information processing.
Conclusion: The findings further support use of implementation intentions to protect against health risk behaviors and are congruent with laboratory research showing that implementation intentions are a case of strategic automaticity.
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CHAPMAN, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., & NORMAN, P. (2009). Comparing implementation intention interventions in relation to young adults' intake of fruit and vegetables. Psychology and Health, 24, 317-332.
This study tests whether the effectiveness of implementation intention-based interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake in a young adult population can be enhanced using additional pre-intervention instructions and alternative formats; namely, an 'if-then' implementation intention versus a more general, 'global' plan that does not explicitly link a situational cue with a goal-directed response. Participants (N = 557) completed pre-test measures of planning, motivation and behaviour with respect to increasing their fruit and vegetable intake before being randomised to a 3 (intervention format: control vs. 'if-then' vs. 'global' implementation intentions) times 2 (pre-intervention instruction vs. no pre-intervention instruction) between-participants design. Results revealed a significant intervention format by time interaction, such that intake significantly increased by 0.50 portions in the if-then format condition compared with 0.31 in the global format and 0.01 in the control condition. These results suggest that 'if-then' manipulations are superior in promoting behaviour change in an applied setting. The use of pre-intervention instructions had no additional effect on behaviour, providing evidence for the efficacy of implementation intentions even when experimenter demand is reduced. Evidence is also presented to suggest that reported increases in intake are not related to demand characteristics.
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Cochrane, T., Davey, R. C., Gidlow, C., Smith, G. R., Fairburn, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., et al. (2009). Small area and individual level predictors of physical activity in urban communities: A multi-level study in Stoke on Trent, England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 654-677.
Reducing population physical inactivity has been declared a global public health priority. We report a detailed multi-level analysis of small area indices and individual factors as correlates of physical activity in deprived urban areas. Multi-level regression analysis was used to investigate environmental and individual correlates of physical activity. Nine individual factors were retained in the overall model, two related to individual intentions or beliefs, three to access to shops, work or fast food outlets and two to weather; age and gender being the other two. Four area level indices related to: traffic, road casualties, criminal damage and access to green space were important in explaining variation in physical activity.
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Elliot, M. A., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2009). Promoting drivers' compliance with speed limits: Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 111-132.
The efficacy of a theory of planned behaviour (TPB)-based intervention to promote drivers' compliance with speed limits was tested. Participants (N=300) were randomly assigned to an experimental condition, and received persuasive messages designed to change beliefs as specified in the TPB, or a control condition. Baseline and follow-up (1 month post-baseline) measures of TPB variables and behaviour were collected using postal questionnaires. Results showed that the intervention had a significant effect on one control belief, and significantly increased perceived behavioural control and reported behaviour. Mediation analyses confirmed that the control belief change generated the perceived behavioural control change and that the perceived behavioural control change generated the behaviour change. Implications for promoting road safety are discussed.
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Rivis, A., SHEERAN, P., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2009). Expanding the affective and normative components of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis of anticipated affect and moral norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2985-3019.
Meta-analysis was used to determine the predictive validity of anticipated affect and moral norms in the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991). Medium-to-large sample-weighted average correlations were obtained. Anticipated affect and moral norms increased the variance explained in intentions by 5% and 3%, respectively, controlling for TPB variables. Intention mediated the influence of both variables on behavior. Moderator analyses showed that younger samples and behaviors with a moral dimension were associated with stronger moral-norm/intention relations, and anticipated regret was associated with a stronger anticipated-affect/intention relation. The implications of the findings for the TPB are discussed.
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Thompson, J., Cooper, C. L., Boote, J., Ward, P., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Jones, G. L. (2009). Health researchers' attitudes towards public involvement in health research. Health Expectations, 12, 209-220.
Objective: To investigate health researchers' attitudes to involving the public in research.
Background: Public involvement in research is encouraged by the Department of Health in the UK. Despite this, the number of health researchers actively involving the public in research appears to be limited. There is little research specifically addressing the attitudes of health researchers towards involving the public: how they interpret the policy, what motivates and de-motivates them and what their experiences have been to date.
Design: A qualitative research design, using semi-structured telephone interviews.
Setting and participants: Fifteen purposively sampled UK-based University health researchers were the participants. Interviews were conducted over the telephone.
Findings: The participants suggested varying constructions of public involvement in research. Arguments based on moral and political principles and consequentialist arguments for involving the public in research were offered and most participants highlighted the potential benefits of involving the public. However, feelings of apprehension expressed by some participants imply that a number of researchers may still be uncomfortable with involving the public, as it presents a different way of working.
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Arden, M. A., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2008). Predicting and explaining transtheoretical model stage transitions in relation to condom-carrying behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 719-735.
Objectives: The stages of change component of the transtheoretical model have been applied to safe sex behaviours in cross-sectional analyses, but have not yet been subject to prospective analysis. It was predicted that: (a) cross-sectional analyses would demonstrate good discrimination between the stages of change; (b) prospective analyses would allow for the identification of predictors of stage transitions; and (c) implementation intentions would explain progression from the preparation stage.
Design: This study employed an experimental longitudinal design. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (implementation intention) or control conditions and completed questionnaires at baseline and at 2-month follow-up.
Methods: Five hundred and twenty-five adolescents who were broadly representative of the UK population completed questionnaires at baseline and follow-up (N=393) measuring: demographic variables; stage of change; theory of planned behaviour constructs; anticipated regret; and moral norm in relation to condom-carrying behaviour. The experimental condition completed a self-generated implementation intention to carry condoms at the end of the baseline questionnaire.
Results: Discriminant function analyses indicated that the stages of change could be accurately discriminated from one another cross-sectionally and that, longitudinally, the measured variables were able to predict transitions between most stages. Implementation intentions caused people to progress from the preparation stage.
Conclusions: Transitions between most stages were reliably predicted, thereby providing potential targets for intervention. The brief implementation intention intervention was effective and could easily be utilized and expanded to encompass a broader range of sexual health behaviours.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2008). Cognitive and affective predictors of academic achievement in schoolchildren. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 57-74.
The ability of the theory of planned behaviour to predict objectively measured outcomes was tested in school-age children. Study 1 (N = 71) showed that the theory of planned behaviour accounted for significant proportions of the variance in intention and that intentions predicted scores in a science test; Study 2 (N = 175) replicated these effects across a broader range of subjects. In addition, Study 2 explored the mechanism by which intention was translated into action and demonstrated that intention stability moderated the intention-academic achievement relationship. Moreover, controlling for a range of cognitive and affective variables, intention and positive affect were independent predictors of intention stability. The findings suggest that although positive affect did not influence intention directly, it did influence intention stability, the mechanism by which intentions are translated into action. Future educational interventions should therefore influence both cognitive and affective factors to promote sustained motivation.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2008). A volitional help sheet to encourage smoking cessation: A randomized exploratory trial. Health Psychology, 27, 557-566.
Objective: The volitional help sheet draws on Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions by encouraging smokers to link temptations to smoke with appropriate behavioral responses derived from Prochaska and DiClemente's (1983) transtheoretical model.
Design: One hundred and ninety three smokers were randomly allocated to receive questionnaires, planning instruction and a volitional help sheet or one of three control conditions: Questionnaire-only; questionnaire plus planning instruction; or questionnaire, planning instruction plus volitional help sheet without the explicit instruction to link temptations to smoke with appropriate behavioral responses.
Main Outcome Measures: Nicotine dependence, number of cigarettes smoked and quit status.
Results: Findings revealed significant decreases in nicotine dependence, number of cigarettes smoked and increases in quitting in the volitional help sheet condition, relative to the control conditions, Fs(3, 189) = 7.48 to 10.78, ps < .01, …p2s = .11 to .15. This pattern of findings did not hold for social cognitive variables, with few differences between the volitional help sheet (standard instructions) group and the other conditions.
Conclusion: The findings provide support for the use of implementation intentions to protect against health risk behaviors and are congruent with laboratory research showing that implementation intentions are a case of strategic automaticity.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Arden, M. A. (2008). How useful are the stages of change for targeting interventions? Randomized test of a brief intervention to reduce smoking. Health Psychology, 27, 789-798.
Objectives: To see whether the stages of change are useful for targeting a brief intervention to reduce smoking based on implementation intentions. A second objective was to rule out demand characteristics as an alternative explanation for the findings of intervention studies based on the transtheoretical model and implementation intentions.
Design: Participants (N = 350) were randomized to a passive control condition (questionnaire only), active control condition (questionnaire-plus-instruction to plan to quit) or experimental condition (questionnaire, plan to quit, form an implementation intention). Their behavior and psychosocial orientation to quit were measured at baseline and 2-month follow-up.
Main Outcome Measures: Theory of planned behavior variables, nicotine dependence and quitting.
Results: Significantly more people quit smoking in the experimental condition than in the control conditions, and the planning instructions changed intention to quit and perceived control over quitting, but not behavior. Stage of change moderated these effects such that implementation intentions worked best for individuals who were in the preparation stage at baseline.
Conclusion: Harnessing both motivational and volitional processes seems to enhance the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs, although further work is required to clarify inconsistencies in the literature using the stages of change.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., HARRIS, P. R., Hepton, G., & Napper, L. (2008). Self-affirmation increases acceptance of health-risk information among adult smokers with low socioeconomic status. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours.
This study reports an experiment designed to test whether self-affirmation can overcome defensive processing of risk information in a sample of UK adult smokers with low socioeconomic status. Participants (N = 57) were randomized to either a self-affirmation or control condition before reading a government-sponsored antismoking leaflet and completing measures of message acceptance, intention, and self-efficacy. Participants' subsequent behavior (taking leaflets) was recorded surreptitiously. Results showed that the manipulation significantly increased message acceptance, intention and behavior, and that the effects of the manipulation on behavior were mediated through message acceptance and intention. The practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the possible use of self-affirmation manipulations to enhance the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Reidy, J. G. (2008). Use of mental simulations to change theory of planned behaviour variables. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 513-524.
Objectives:
The predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour is well-established, but much less is known about: (a) whether there are causal relationships between key components of the model, and (b) how to go about changing theory of planned behaviour variables. This study tested the ability of outcome and process simulations to change variables specified in the theory of planned behaviour in relation to blood donation.
Design:
Participants (N = 146) were randomised to one of four conditions: Outcome simulation only, process simulation only, process-plus-outcome simulation and a distractor control condition. The dependent variables were state anxiety, and attitude, subjective norm and perceived control from the theory of planned behaviour.
Methods:
Participants were asked to empty their mind and visualise themselves: (a) after donating blood (outcome manipulation), (b) preparing to donate blood (process manipulation), (c) both preparing to donate blood and after having donated blood (process-plus-outcome manipulation), or (d) both preparing to get a high mark and after having got a high mark on their course (control condition). Following mental rehearsal participants completed the dependent variables.
Results:
There were no main effects of outcome simulation, but process simulation successfully increased intention, subjective norm and perceived control. There was also a significant outcome simulation x process simulation interaction for attitude. The effect of the process manipulation on intention was mediated by subjective norm and perceived control.
Conclusions:
The findings show promise for the use of mental simulations in changing cognitions and further research is required to extend the present findings to other health behaviours.
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Horspool, M. J., Seivewright, N., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Mathers, N. (2008). Post-treatment outcomes of Buprenorphine detoxification in community settings: A systematic review. European Addiction Research, 14, 179-189.
A systematic review was undertaken to examine studies of buprenorphine detoxification that has included post-treatment outcomes as well as more immediate aspects of progress. Studies were required to report details of buprenorphine withdrawal regime and post-treatment outcomes including abstinence rates. Only five studies met these criteria, with buprenorphine regimes lasting three days to several weeks, and with variable follow-up. Detoxification completion rates were 65% to 100%, but relatively few treatment completers were then drug free at their follow-up appointments. In subsequent prescribing more patients had returned to opioid maintenance than complied with naltrexone. Our preliminary review indicates that buprenorphine is a suitable medication for the process of opiate detoxification but that this newer treatment option has not led to higher rates of abstinence following withdrawal. Further studies are required to more substantially examine abstinence outcomes, as well as characteristics which predict success.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2007). Effects of an implementation intention-based intervention on fruit consumption. Psychology & Health, 22, 917-928.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2007). Changing past behavior without means of a time machine: Effects on future behavioral decisions. Social Cognition, 25, 761-777.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Arden, M. A. (2007). Felt and potential ambivalence across the stages of change. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 149-158.
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Christian, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Abrams, D. (2007). Evidence that theory of planned behaviour variables mediate the effects of sociodemographic variables on homeless people's participation in service programs. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 805-817.
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Elliot, M. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2007). Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict observed driving behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 69-90.
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NORMAN, P., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Quigley, C. (2007). The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking: Assessing the impact of binge drinker prototypes. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1753-1768.
The present study assessed the value of including prototype perceptions within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) when predicting young people's binge drinking intentions and behavior. Undergraduate students (N = 94) completed questionnaires assessing the main constructs of the TPB as well as measures of prototype evaluation and prototype similarity. Binge drinking behavior was assessed at one-week follow-up (N = 79). The TPB explained 58% of the variance in binge drinking intentions and 22% of the variance in binge drinking at one-week follow-up. The prototype perception measures explained additional variance in both binge drinking intentions (ΔR2 = .04) and behavior (ΔR2 = .09), although only prototype similarity emerged as a significant predictor. In addition, a significant interaction was found between prototype similarity and subjective norm in relation to the prediction of binge drinking behavior, suggesting that the perception of supportive norms may enhance the impact of prototype perceptions on health-risk behavior. The implications of the findings for interventions to encourage more appropriate drinking behavior are outlined.
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SPRIGG, C. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Hollis, K. (2007). Verbal abuse in the NHS: Impressions of the prevalence, perceived reasons for and relationships with staff psychological well-being. Emergency Medicine Journal, 24, 281-282.
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Webb, T. L., Christian, J., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2007). Helping students turn up for class: Does personality moderate the effectiveness of an implementation intention intervention? Learning and Individual Differences.
Class attendance is an important determinant of academic success yet a significant proportion of students miss class. The present study investigated the deliberative and personality correlates of class attendance alongside an implementation intention intervention that asked students to specify when, where, and how they would attend class. Class attendance was found to be a function of conscientiousness (more conscientious students were more likely to attend), openness to experience (more open students were less likely to attend), goal intentions (more motivated students were more likely to attend), and the implementation intention intervention (students who formed specific plans about when, where, and how to attend were more likely to attend). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the implementation intention intervention and conscientiousness; the intervention had a greater impact on class attendance for low or moderately conscientious students than for highly conscientious students.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2006). Evidence that implementation intentions promote transitions through the stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(141-151).
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & HARRIS, P. R. (2006). The Influence of Adult Attachment on Symptom Reporting: Testing a Mediational Model in a Sample of the General Population. Psychology and Health, 21, 351-366.
Elliot, M. A., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2006). Effects of implementation intentions on the self-reported frequency of drivers' compliance with speed limits. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12, 108-117.
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O'Connor, R. C., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Gray, L. (2006). Theory of planned behaviour and parasuicide: The role of clinical and social cognitive variables. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 465 - 481.
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Rivis, A., SHEERAN, P., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2006). Augmenting the theory of planned behaviour with the prototype/willingness model: Predictive validity of actor versus abstainer prototypes for adolescents' health-protective and health-risk intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 483-500.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2005). Can the theory of planned behavior predict the maintenance of physical activity? Health Psychology, 24, 235-245.
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Elliot, M. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2005). Exploring the beliefs underpinning drivers' intentions to comply with speed limits. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 8, 459-479.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2004). Evidence that implementation intentions reduce dietary fat intake: A randomized trial. Health Psychology, 23, 319-323.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & DEEPROSE, C. (2004). Changing student evaluations by means of the numeric values of rating scales. Psychology Learning and Teaching, 3, 122-125.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., SHEERAN, P., Conner, M., & Arden, M. A. (2004). Stages of change or changes of stage? Predicting transitions in transtheoretical model stages in relation to healthy food choice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 491-499.
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Hagger, M. S., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2004). The influence of perceived loci of control and causality in the theory of planned behavior in a leisure-time exercise context. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 9, 45-64.
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Trafimow, D., SHEERAN, P., Lombardo, B., Finlay, K. A., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2004). Affective and cognitive control of persons and behaviors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 207-224.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2003). The relationship between multidimensional health locus of control and perceived behavioural control: How are distal perceptions of control related to proximal perceptions of control? Psychology and Health, 18, 723-738.
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ARMITAGE, C. J. (2003). Beyond attitudinal ambivalence: Effects of belief homogeneity on attitude-intention-behaviour relations. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 33, 551-563.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003). Special issue: On the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22, (3): 187-280.
ARMITAGE, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003). From attitudes to behaviour: Basic and applied research on the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22, 187-195.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., Povey, R., & Arden, M. A. (2003). Evidence for discontinuity patterns across the stages of change: A role for attitudinal ambivalence. Psychology and Health, 18, 373-386.
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Christian, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Abrams, D. (2003). Predicting uptake of housing services: The role of self-categorisation in the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22, 206-217.
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Elliott, M. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2003). Drivers' compliance with speed limits: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 964-972.
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O'Connor, R. C., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2003). Theory of planned behaviour and parasuicide: An exploratory study. Current Psychology, 22, 196-205.
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SHEERAN, P., Trafimow, D., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2003). Predicting behaviour from perceived behavioural control: Tests of the accuracy assumption of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 393-410.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Arden, M. A. (2002). Exploring discontinuity patterns in the transtheoretical model: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 89-103.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (2002). "Can the theory of planned behaviour mediate the effects of age, gender and multidimensional health locus of control?" British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 299-316.
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Christian, J., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2002). Attitudes and intentions of homeless people towards service provision in South Wales. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 219-231.
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Conner, M., Sparks, P., Povey, R., James, R., Shepherd, R., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2002). Moderator effects of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude-behaviour relationships. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 32, 705-718.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Social cognitive determinants of blood donation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1431-1457.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of a minimal intervention to reduce fat intake. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 1517-1524.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1421-1432.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review. Psychology and Health, 15, 173-189.
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Conner, M., SHEERAN, P., NORMAN, P., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2000). Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 469-493.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999). Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: Predicting consumption of a low fat diet using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 72-90.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999). "The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and ""perceived control""." British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 35-54.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999). Predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour: The role of questionnaire format and social desirability. Journal Of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 261-272.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., Conner, M., Loach, J., & Willetts, D. (1999). Different perceptions of control: Applying an extended theory of planned behavior to legal and illegal drug use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 301-316.
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ARMITAGE, C. J., Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (1999). Differential effects of mood on information processing: evidence from the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 29, (4): 419-433.
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Conner, M., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464.
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BooksARMITAGE, C. J., & Christian, J. (2004). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2002). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Book ChaptersARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2005). Attitudinal ambivalence and political opinion: Review and avenues for further research. In S. C. Craig & M. D. Martinez (Eds.), Ambivalence, politics, and public policy (pp. 145-184): New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
O'Connor, R. C., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2004). Theory of planned behaviour and parasuicide: An exploratory study. In C. J. Armitage & J. Christian (Eds.), Planned behavior: The relationship between human thought and action (pp. 13-25): New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Elliott, M. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2004). Applications of the theory of planned behaviour to drivers' speeding behaviour. In Behavioural Research in Road Safety: Fourteenth Seminar. (pp. 157-169): London: Department for Transport.
Christian, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Abrams, D. (2004). Predicting uptake of housing services: The role of self-categorization in the theory of planned behavior. In C. J. Armitage & J. Christian (Eds.), Planned behavior: The relationship between human thought and action . (pp. 27-42): New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2004). The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude-intention-behavior relations. In G. Haddock & G. R. Maio (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. (pp. 121-143): Hove, England: Psychology Press.
ARMITAGE, C. J., & Christian, J. (2004). From attitudes to behavior: Basic and applied research on the theory of planned behavior. In C. J. Armitage & J. Christian (Eds.), Planned behavior: The relationship between human thought and action (pp. 1-12): New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Elliott, M. A., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2002). Changing drivers' attitudes: Is there potential for changing drivers' behaviour? In S. Marcal (Ed.), Behavioural research in road safety: Twelfth seminar. (pp. 226-233): London: DfT publications.
ARMITAGE, C. J., & Conner, M. (2002). Reducing fat intake: Interventions based on the theory of planned behaviour. In D. Rutter & L. Quine (Eds.), Changing health behaviour: Intervention and research with social cognition models. (pp. 87-104): Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Last update: 10 Nov 2011
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