Dr Paul Norman's Publications\ Journal Articles Books Book Chapters Journal Articles Carek, V., NORMAN, P., & Barton, J. (2010). Cognitive appraisals and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in informal caregivers of stroke survivors. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 91-96. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between cognitive appraisals (i.e., negative appraisals about the self, negative appraisals about the world, and self-blame) and the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in informal caregivers (i.e., family relatives or close associates) of stroke survivors. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which informal caregivers (N = 51) of recent stroke survivors completed the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. RESULTS: PTSD symptom severity correlated significantly with the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory Self, World, and Self-Blame subscales and with time since stroke and age (negative relationship). Cognitive appraisals explained 58% of the variance in PTSD symptom severity. CONCLUSION: The associations found between negative cognitive appraisals and the severity of PTSD symptoms are consistent with current cognitive models of PTSD and the recommended use of trauma-related cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with PTSD. Further details Hall, C. R., Rodgers, W. M., Wilson, P. M., & NORMAN, P. (2010). Imagery use and self-determined motivations in a community sample of exercisers and non-exercisers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 135-152. This study examined the patterns of imagery use and motivational self-determination, and the relationships between them in regular exercisers (RE), non-exercisers who intend to exercise (NE-I), and non-exercisers who do not intend to exercise (NE-N). A survey was conducted through the random sampling of a large population. The NE-N group reported using the same amount of imagery as the other 2 groups. NE-N participants were the least and RE participants the most self-determined, with NE-I participants in between. The patterns of association among imagery and self-determination were different for the NE-N participants than the other 2 groups. It was concluded that imagery interventions that might be successful with RE and NE-I participants are unlikely to be effective with NE-N participants. Further details CHAPMAN, J., ARMITAGE, C. J., & NORMAN, P. (2009). Comparing implementation intention interventions in relation to young adults' intake of fruit and vegetables. Psychology and Health, 24, 317-332. This study tests whether the effectiveness of implementation intention-based interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake in a young adult population can be enhanced using additional pre-intervention instructions and alternative formats; namely, an 'if-then' implementation intention versus a more general, 'global' plan that does not explicitly link a situational cue with a goal-directed response. Participants (N = 557) completed pre-test measures of planning, motivation and behaviour with respect to increasing their fruit and vegetable intake before being randomised to a 3 (intervention format: control vs. 'if-then' vs. 'global' implementation intentions) times 2 (pre-intervention instruction vs. no pre-intervention instruction) between-participants design. Results revealed a significant intervention format by time interaction, such that intake significantly increased by 0.50 portions in the if-then format condition compared with 0.31 in the global format and 0.01 in the control condition. These results suggest that 'if-then' manipulations are superior in promoting behaviour change in an applied setting. The use of pre-intervention instructions had no additional effect on behaviour, providing evidence for the efficacy of implementation intentions even when experimenter demand is reduced. Evidence is also presented to suggest that reported increases in intake are not related to demand characteristics. Further details Evans, D., & NORMAN, P. (2009). Illness representations, coping and psychological adjustment to Parkinson's Disease. Psychology & Health, 24, 1181-1196. The present study reports an application of the common sense model (CSM) of illness representations to the prediction of psychological distress in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). The study sought to (i) examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between illness representations, coping and psychological distress, and (ii) test the hypothesis that coping would mediate any relationships between illness representations and psychological distress. Patients with PD (n = 58) completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised, the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Patients (n = 57) were followed-up at 6 months. Illness representations explained large amounts of variance in time 1 anxiety (R2 = 0.42) and depression (R2 = 0.44) as well as additional variance in time 2 anxiety (ΔR2 = 0.12) and depression (ΔR2 = 0.09) after controlling for baseline scores. In addition, avoidance mediated the effect of emotional representations on time 1 anxiety, and acceptance-resignation mediated the effects of both consequences and emotional representations on time 1 depression. The present study therefore provides partial support for the mediational model outlined in the CSM, as significant mediation effects were found only in the cross-sectional analyses. Further details Gangstad, B., NORMAN, P., & Barton, J. (2009). Cognitive processing and posttraumatic growth following stroke. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54, 69-75. Objective: To examine whether posttraumatic growth (PTG) after stroke is associated with cognitive processing and psychological distress and whether time since stroke moderates relationships between these variables. Method: A sample of stroke survivors (N = 60) completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Cognitive Processing of Trauma Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: PTG correlated positively with four indicators of cognitive processing (i.e., positive cognitive restructuring, downward comparison, resolution, and denial) and negatively with depression. Time since stroke moderated a number of these relationships. As length of time since stroke increased, the relationships between PTG and anxiety and depression became more negative and significant, and the relationships between PTG and downward comparisons and resolution became more positive and significant. Discussion: The findings indicate the possibility of PTG after stroke and suggest that cognitive processing is an important process for engendering such growth. Further details Field, E., NORMAN, P., & Barton, J. (2008). Cross-sectional and prospective associations between cognitive appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following stroke. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 62-70. Studies describing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of physical illness and its treatment were reviewed. PTSD was described in studies investigating myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac surgery, haemorrhage and stroke, childbirth, miscarriage, abortion and gynaecological procedures, intensive care treatment, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, awareness under anaesthesia, and in a group of miscellaneous conditions. Cancer medicine was not included as it had been the subject of a recent review in this journal. Studies were reviewed in terms of the prevalence rates for PTSD, intrusive and avoidance symptoms, predictive and associated factors and the consequences of PTSD on healthcare utilization and outcome. There was considerable variability both in the study methodology and design and in the results. The highest prevalence rates were identified in patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) and those with HIV infection. Irrespective of the physical illness, posttraumatic symptomatology is more common than PTSD caseness. Existing characteristics of the patient may well predispose individuals to the development of PTSD as do other factors such as poor social support and negative interactions with healthcare staff. Generally, the severity of the illness itself is not predictive of PTSD. Issues relating to sampling, attrition, diagnosis, the course of symptoms, aetiological pathways, and the consequences of the disorder are discussed. The presence of PTSD most probably influences the patient's use of healthcare resources and may affect their clinical outcome. Further details Moore, T. J., NORMAN, P., & HARRIS, P. (2008). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of adaptation to recurrent venous thrombosis and heritable thrombophilia: The importance of multi-causal models and perceptions of primary and secondary control. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(6), 776-784. Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is a serious, life-threatening condition and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Heritable thrombophilia increases risk of recurrent VTE. The present study employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore adaptation to recurrent VTE and heritable thrombophilia in six female patients. Three main themes were identified focusing on: (1) patients' multi-causal models of VTE and the maintenance of; (2) primary control; and (3) secondary control as facilitators of adjustment. Overall, genetic testing following recurrent VTE did not have a negative impact on patients. One area of concern, however, related to passing on the susceptibility to children. Further details Fife-Schaw, C., SHEERAN, P., & NORMAN, P. (2007). Simulating behaviour change interventions based on the theory of planned behaviour: Impacts on intention and action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 43-68. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) has been used extensively to predict social and health behaviours. However, a critical test of the TPB is whether interventions that increased scores on the theory's predictors would engender behaviour change. The present research deployed a novel technique in order to provide this test. Statistical simulations were conducted on data for 30 behaviours (N=211) that estimated the impact of interventions that generated maximum positive changes in attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) on subsequent intentions and behaviour. Findings indicated that interventions that maximized TPB variables had a substantial impact on behavioural intentions. Although TPB maximization increased the proportion of the sample that performed respective behaviours by 28% compared with baseline, the behaviour of a substantial minority of the sample (26%) did not change. The research also identified several interactions among TPB variables in predicting simulated intention and behaviour scores and investigated the mediating role of intentions in predicting behaviour. Further details Merriman, C., NORMAN, P., & Barton, J. (2007). Psychological correlates of PTSD symptoms following stroke. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 12, 592-602. This study assessed associations between a number of demographic, medical and psychological risk factors and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following stroke. Individuals (N = 102) who had experienced a stroke within the previous year participated in the study. Participants completed questionnaires containing measures of PTSD symptoms and a range of psychological risk factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, negative affect, dissociation, cognitive appraisals). Regression analyses revealed the variables under consideration were able to explain large proportions of the variance in the number (R2 = .54, p < 0.001) and severity (R2 = .58, p < 0.001) of PTSD symptoms. Number of strokes, negative affect and cognitive appraisals emerged as significant predictors of both the number and severity of PTSD symptoms. The present findings suggest that a significant proportion of stroke patients may benefit from the detection and treatment of PTSD symptoms. Further details NORMAN, P., ARMITAGE, C. J., & Quigley, C. (2007). The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking: Assessing the impact of binge drinker prototypes. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1753-1768. The present study assessed the value of including prototype perceptions within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) when predicting young people's binge drinking intentions and behavior. Undergraduate students (N = 94) completed questionnaires assessing the main constructs of the TPB as well as measures of prototype evaluation and prototype similarity. Binge drinking behavior was assessed at one-week follow-up (N = 79). The TPB explained 58% of the variance in binge drinking intentions and 22% of the variance in binge drinking at one-week follow-up. The prototype perception measures explained additional variance in both binge drinking intentions (ΔR2 = .04) and behavior (ΔR2 = .09), although only prototype similarity emerged as a significant predictor. In addition, a significant interaction was found between prototype similarity and subjective norm in relation to the prediction of binge drinking behavior, suggesting that the perception of supportive norms may enhance the impact of prototype perceptions on health-risk behavior. The implications of the findings for interventions to encourage more appropriate drinking behavior are outlined. Further details NORMAN, P., & Brain, K. (2007). Does dispositional optimism predict psychological responses to counseling for familial breast cancer? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 247-254. Objective The present study sought to assess the ability of dispositional optimism to predict the psychological responses of women with a family history of breast cancer who had been referred to counseling for familial breast cancer. Methods Women completed questionnaires prior to (n=735), immediately after (n=655), and 9 months after (n=545) attending counseling. Breast cancer risk status was assessed and communicated to the women in the clinics. Results Dispositional optimism was found to predict lower levels of anxiety and breast cancer worries immediately following counseling as well as lower levels of anxiety and perceived risk at 9-month follow-up, controlling for corresponding baseline scores. In addition, risk status moderated the optimism-perceived risk relationship, such that optimism was only predictive of lower risk perceptions among women at high risk. Conclusions Low levels of dispositional optimism may be considered to be a risk factor for adverse reactions to high breast cancer risk information. The implications of the findings for the clinical management of such reactions are discussed. Further details Searle, A., NORMAN, P., Thompson, R., & Vedhara, K. (2007). Illness representations among patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 175-184. Objective There is accumulating evidence to indicate that the illness representations of significant others are important for understanding patients' responses to chronic disease. The aims of the present study were to (a) assess the illness representations of patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners, (b) determine the extent of agreement between patient and partner representations, and (c) examine whether partners' representations mediate the relationships between patients' representations and their prospective self-management behaviors. Methods Patients' and partners' representations of diabetes were assessed with the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire [Moss-Morris R, Weinman J, Petrie K, Horne R, Cameron LD, Buick, D. The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychol Health 2002;17:116] at baseline (n=164). Self-management behaviors were assessed 12 months later with self-report measures of physical activity, medication, and a food frequency questionnaire. Results Patients scored lower on the illness coherence dimension, indicating that they reported a poorer understanding of the condition (t=−2.66, df=163, P=.009) relative to their partners. Patients demonstrated higher scores for personal control than their partners (t=2.01, df=163, P=.046). Mediational analyses indicated that partners' perceived timeline of diabetes partially mediated the relationship between patients' representations and their self-management behaviors including physical activity and dietary intake. In addition, partners' personal control representations partially mediated the relationship between patients' representations and physical activity. Conclusion It was demonstrated that patient–partner dyads generally share similar representations of type 2 diabetes and perceived control over the condition. Furthermore, there was evidence that partners' representations partially mediated the relationships between patients' representations and their prospective self-management behaviors. Further details Searle, A., NORMAN, P., Thompson, R., & Vedhara, K. (2007). A prospective examination of illness beliefs and coping in patients with type 2 diabetes. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 621-638. Objective: According to the common-sense model of illness behaviour, illness representations are directly related to coping and, via coping, to adaptive or maladaptive outcomes. However, it may be more appropriate to conceptualize coping by assessing what patients actually do - i.e., their coping behaviours - rather than what they say they do in coping scales - i.e., their coping cognitions. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between illness representations and the relative importance of coping cognitions and coping behaviours in the context of the management of type 2 diabetes. Design: The relationship between illness representations and coping variables was explored within a prospective design. Methods: The illness representations of 134 patients were assessed with the IPQ-R (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) along with coping cognitions and coping behaviours (medication, physical activity, diet). Results: Illness representations predicted coping cognitions and coping behaviours but coping cognitions did not mediate the relationships between illness representations and coping behaviours. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that illness representations are direct predictors of both coping cognitions and coping behaviours in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, coping cognitions and coping behaviours appear to be distinct mechanisms that operate independently. The findings suggest that rather than manipulating patients' coping cognitions to improve patients' health behaviours it may be beneficial to focus on their beliefs about diabetes. Further details Moore, T., NORMAN, P., HARRIS, P., & Makris, M. (2006). Cognitive appraisals and psychological distress following venous thromboembolic disease: An application of the theory of cognitive adaptation. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2395-2406. Venous thrombosis is a common and life-threatening disease that has received little attention in health psychology. The present study applied the theory of cognitive adaptation (TCA) to examine patients’ reactions to venous thrombosis. Patients (N=123) aged 16–84 recruited from anticoagulation units in the north of England completed measures of TCA constructs (meaning, mastery, self-esteem and optimism) and various outcome variables (anxiety, depression, thrombosis worries and quality of life) within 1 month of their thrombosis. The TCA explained large and significant amounts of variance in the outcome variables. In line with expectations, mastery, self-esteem and optimism were associated with positive adjustment. However, meaning was associated with elevated levels of distress. The results are discussed in relation to the search for meaning and the use of different control strategies in the early phases of adaptation to thrombosis. Further details Moore, T. J., NORMAN, P., & HARRIS, P. R. (2006). Cognitive appraisals as predictors of psychological distress following venous thromboembolic disease: An application of the theory of cognitive adaptation. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2395-2406. NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (2006). The theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking: Assessing the moderating role of past behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 55-70. NORMAN, P., & Brain, K. (2005). An application of an extended health belief model to the prediction of breast self-examination among women with a family history of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 1-11. NORMAN, P., Clark, T., & Walker, G. (2005). The theory of planned behavior, descriptive norms and the moderating role of group identification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1008-1029. NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (2005). The theory of planned behavior and exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behavior relations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 488-504. Johnston, K. L., White, K. M., & NORMAN, P. (2004). An examination of the individual difference approach to the role of norms in the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2524-2549. NORMAN, P., & Hoyle, S. (2004). The theory of planned behavior and breast self-examination: Distinguishing between perceived control and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 694-708. Vedhara, K., Wadsworth, E., NORMAN, P., Searle, A., Mitchell, J., Macrae, N., et al. (2004). Habitual prospective memory in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: Implications for medication adherence. "Psychology, Health and Medicine", 9, 17-27. Evans, D., & NORMAN, P. (2003). Predicting adolescent pedestrians' road-crossing intentions: an application and extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Health Education Research, 18, (3): 267-277. NORMAN, P., Searle, A., Harrad, R., & Vedhara, K. (2003). Predicting adherence to eye patching in children with amblyopia: An application of protection motivation theory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 67-82. NORMAN, P., SHEERAN, P., & Orbell, S. (2003). Does state versus action orientation moderate intention-behaviour relations? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 536-553. Further details ARMITAGE, C. J., NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (2002). "Can the theory of planned behaviour mediate the effects of age, gender and multidimensional health locus of control?" British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 299-316. Further details Brain, K., NORMAN, P., Gray, J., Rogers, C., Mansel, R., & Harper, P. (2002). A randomised trial of specialist genetic assessment: Psychological impact on women at different levels of familial breast cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 86, 233-238. Callaghan, P., Eves, F. F., NORMAN, P., Chang, A. M., & Lung, C. Y. (2002). Applying the transtheoretical model of change to exercise in young Chinese people. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 267-282. Conner, M., NORMAN, P., & Bell, R. (2002). The theory of planned behavior and healthy eating. Health Psychology, 21, 194-201. Searle, A., NORMAN, P., Harrad, R., & Vedhara, K. (2002). Psychosocial and clinical determinants of compliance with occlusion therapy for amblyopic children. Eye, 16, 150-155. SHEERAN, P., Trafimow, D., Finlay, K. A., & NORMAN, P. (2002). Evidence that the type of person affects the strength of the perceived behavioural control-intention relationship. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 253-270. Further details SHEERAN, P., Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (2001). Can the theory of planned behavior explain patterns of health behavior change? Health Psychology, 20, 12-19. Further details Brain, K., Gray, J., NORMAN, P., Parsons, E., Clarke, A., Rogers, C., et al. (2000). Why do women attend familial breast cancer clinics? Journal of Medical Genetics, 37, 197-202. Conner, M., SHEERAN, P., NORMAN, P., & ARMITAGE, C. J. (2000). Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 469-493. Further details ARMITAGE, C. J., Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (1999). Differential effects of mood on information processing: evidence from the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 29, (4): 419-433. Further details Brain, K., NORMAN, P., Gray, J., & Mansel, R. (1999). Anxiety and adherence to breast self-examination in women with a family history of breast cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, (2): 181-187. Further details NORMAN, P. (1999). "Perceptions of health and illness: Current research and applications - Petrie, K.J. & Weinman, J.A." British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, (1): 90-91. NORMAN, P., Bell, R., & Conner, M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour and smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 18, (1): 89-94. Further details NORMAN, P., Conner, M., & Bell, R. (1999). The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 18, 89-94. SHEERAN, P., NORMAN, P., & Orbell, S. (1999). Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on siubjective norms. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 29, 403-406. Further details Bennett, P., NORMAN, P., Murphy, S., Moore, L., & Tudor Smith, C. (1998). "Beliefs about alcohol, health locus of control, value for health and reported consumption in a representative population sample." Health Education Research, 13, (1): 25-32. Further details Evans, D., & NORMAN, P. (1998). Understanding pedestrians' road crossing decisions: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Education Research, 13, (4): 481-489. Further details NORMAN, P., Bennett, P., & Lewis, H. (1998). Understanding binge drinking among young people: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Education Research, 13, 163-169. Further details NORMAN, P., Bennett, P., Smith, C., & Murphy, S. (1998). Health locus of control and health behaviour. Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 171-180. Bennett, P., NORMAN, P., Moore, L., Murphy, S., & Tudor Smith, C. (1997). Health locus of control and value for health in smokers and nonsmokers. Health Psychology, 16, 2: 179-182. Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (1996). Body weight and shape control: examining component behaviours. Appetite, 27, 135-150. Further details NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (1996). Predicting health check attendance among prior attenders and non-attenders: the role of prior behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1010-1026. Further details NORMAN, P., & Parker, S. (1996). The interpretation of change in verbal reports: implications for health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 301-314. Further details Grogan, S., Conner, M., Willits, D., & NORMAN, P. (1995). Development Of a Questionnaire to Measure Patients Satisfaction With General-Practitioners Services. British Journal Of General Practice, 45, 399: 525-529. Further details NORMAN, P. (1995). Applying the Health Belief Model to the Prediction Of Attendance At Health Checks In General-Practice. British Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 34, 3: 461-470. Further details NORMAN, P. (1995). Health Locus Of Control and Health Behavior - an Investigation Into the Role Of Health Value and Behavior-Specific Efficacy Beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 2: 213-218. Further details NORMAN, P., & Bonnett, C. (1995). Managers Intentions to Be Assessed For National Vocational Qualifications - an Application Of the Theory Of Planned Behavior. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 1: 59-67. Further details NORMAN, P., Collins, S., Conner, M., Martin, R., & Rance, J. (1995). "Attributions, Cognitions, and Coping Styles - Teleworkers Reactions to Work-Related Problems." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 2: 117-128. Further details NORMAN, P., & Smith, L. (1995). "The Theory Of Planned Behavior and Exercise - an Investigation Into the Role Of Prior Behavior, Behavioral Intentions and Attitude Variability." European Journal Of Social Psychology, 25, 4: 403-415. Further details NORMAN, P. (1993). Predicting the Uptake Of Health Checks In General-Practice - Invitation Methods and Patients Health Beliefs. Social Science and Medicine, 37, 1: 53-59. Further details NORMAN, P., & Conner, M. (1993). Role Of Social Cognition Models In Predicting Attendance At Health Checks. Psychology and Health, 8, 6: 447-462. Further details Devalle, M. N., & NORMAN, P. (1992). "Causal Attributions, Health Locus Of Control Beliefs and Life-Style Changes Among Preoperative Coronary Patients." Psychology and Health, 7, 3: 201-211. Further details NORMAN, P., Fitter, M., & WALL, T. (1991). General-Practitioners Subjective Experience Of Surgery Workload. Social Science and Medicine, 33, 2: 161-166. Books Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (2005). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Book Chapters Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (2005). Predicting and changing health behaviour: Future directions. In M. Conner & P. NORMAN (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models (2nd edition). Buckingham: Open University Press. Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (2005). Protection motivation theory. In M. Conner & P. NORMAN (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models (2nd edition). Buckingham: Open University Press. Conner, M., & NORMAN, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour: A social cognition approach. In M. Conner & P. NORMAN (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models (2nd edition). Buckingham: Open University Press. Evans, D., & NORMAN, P. (2004). Improving pedestrian road safety among adolescents: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. In V. Lewis, M. Kellett, C. Robinson, S. Fraser & S. Ding (Eds.), The Reality of Research with Children and Young People. London: Sage. Evans, D., & NORMAN, P. (2001). The theory of planned behaviour and pedestrian road safety among adolescents. In D. Rutter (Ed.), Changing Health Behaviour: Intervention and Research with Social Cognition Models. Buckingham: Open University Press. NORMAN, P., Abraham, C., & Conner, M. (2000). Understanding and Changing Health Behaviour. In P. NORMAN, C. Abraham & M. Conner (Eds.), From Health Beliefs to Self-Regulation.: Amsterdam: Harwood. Last update: 10 Nov 2011

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